北    京    的    春    节   

 按    照    北    京    的    老    规    矩   , 春    节    差    不    多    在    腊    月    的    初    旬    就    开    始    了   。 腊    七    腊    八   , 冻    死    寒    鸦   , 这    是    一    年    里    最    冷    的    时    候   。 可    是   , 到    了    严    冬   , 不    久    便    是    春    天   , 所    以    人    们    并    不    因    为    寒    冷    而    减    少    过    年    与    迎    春    的    热    情   。 在    腊    八    那    天   , 家    家    都    熬    腊    八    粥   。 这    种    特    制    的    粥    是    祭    祖    祭    神    的   , 可    是    细    一    想   , 它    倒    是    农    业    社    会    一    种    自    傲    的    表    现   —— 这    种    粥    是    用    各    种    米   , 各    种    豆   , 与    各    种    干    果    杏    仁   、 核    桃    仁   、 瓜    子   、 荔    枝    肉   、 桂    圆    肉   、 莲    子   、 花    生    米   、 葡    萄    干   、 菱    角    米   …… 熬    成    的   。 这    不    是    粥   , 而    是    小    型    的    农    业    产    品    展    览    会   
 腊    八    这    天    还    要    泡    腊    八    蒜   。 把    蒜    瓣    放    到    高    醋    里   , 封    起    来   , 为    过    年    吃    饺    子    用   。 到    年    底   , 蒜    泡    得    色    如    翡    翠   , 醋    也    有    了    些    辣    味   , 色    味    双   
 本    文    作    者    老    舍   ,  选    作    课    文    时    有    改    动   
 美   ,  使    人    忍    不    住    要    多    吃    几    个    饺    子   。 在    北    京   ,  过    年    时   ,  家    家    吃    饺    子   
 从    腊    八    起   , 铺    户    就    加    紧    上    年    货   , 街    上    增    加    了    货    摊    子   —— 卖    春    联    的   、 卖    年    画    的   、 卖    蜜    供    的   、 卖    水    仙    花    的    等    等   , 他    们    都    是    只    在    这    个    季    节    才    会    出    现    的   。 这    些    摊    子    都    让    孩    子    们    的    心    跳    得    更    快    一    些   。 在    胡    同    里   , 吆    喝    的    声    音    也    比    平    时    更    多    更    复    杂   , 其    中    也    有    仅    在    腊    月    才    出    现    的   , 像    卖    松    枝    的   、 薏    仁    米    的   、 年    糕    的    等    等   
 孩    子    们    准    备    过    年   , 第    一    件    事    是    买    杂    拌    儿   。 这    是    用    各    种    干    果    花    生   、 胶    枣   、 榛    子   、 栗    子    等    与    蜜    饯    掺    和    成    的   , 普    通    的    带    皮   , 高    级    的    没    有    皮   —— 例    如    普    通    的    用    带    皮    的    榛    子   , 高    级    的    就    用    榛    仁   。 孩    子    们    喜    欢    吃    这    些    零    七    八    碎    儿   , 即    使    没    有    饺    子    吃   , 也    必    须    买    杂    拌    儿   。 他    们    的    第    二    件    事    是    买    爆    竹   , 特    别    是    男    孩    子    们   。 恐    怕    第    三    件    事    才    是    买    玩    意    儿   —— 风    筝   、 空    竹   、 口    琴    等   , 和    年    画   
 孩    子    们    忙    乱   , 大    人    们    也    紧    张   。 他    们    必    须    预    备    过    年    吃    的    喝    的    用    的    一    切   , 也    必    须    赶    快    给    孩    子    做    新    鞋    新    衣   , 好    在    新    年    时    显    出    万    象    更    新    的    气    象   
 腊    月    二    十    三    过    小    年   , 差    不    多    就    是    过    春    节    的    彩    排   。 在    老    年    间   , 这    天    晚    上    家    家    祭    灶    王   , 从    一    擦    黑    儿   , 鞭    炮    就    响    起    来   , 人    们    随    着    鞭    炮    声    把    灶    王    的    纸    像    焚    化   , 美    其    名    曰    送    灶    王    上    天   。 在    前    几    天   , 街    上    就    有    好    多    卖    麦    芽    糖    与    江    米    糖    的   , 糖    形    或    为    长    方    块    或    为    大    小    瓜    形   。 按    旧    日    的    说    法   , 用    糖    粘    住    灶    王    的    嘴   , 他    到    了    天    上    就    不    会    向    玉    帝    报    告    家    中    的    坏    事    了   。 现    在   , 还    有    卖    糖    的   , 但    是    只    由    大    家    享    用   , 并    不    再    粘    灶    王    的    嘴    了   
 过    了    二    十    三   , 大    家    就    更    忙    了   , 春    节    眨    眼    就    到    了    啊   。 在    除    夕    以    前   , 家    家    必    须    把    春    联    贴    好   , 必    须    大    扫    除    一    次   , 名    曰    扫    房   。 必    须    把    肉   、 鸡   、 鱼   、 青    菜   、 年    糕    什    么    的    都    预    备    充    足   , 至    少    足    够    吃    用    一    个    星   
 期    的   —— 按    老    习    惯   , 铺    户    多    数    关    五    天    门   , 到    正    月    初    六    才    开    张   。 假    若    不    预    备    下    几    天    的    吃    食   , 临    时    不    容    易    补    充   
 除    夕    真    热    闹   。 家    家    赶    做    年    菜   , 到    处    是    酒    肉    的    香    味   。 老    少    男    女    都    穿    起    新    衣   , 门    外    贴    好    红    红    的    对    联   , 屋    里    贴    好    各    色    的    年    画   , 哪    一    家    都    灯    火    通    宵   , 不    许    间    断   , 鞭    炮    声    日    夜    不    绝   。 在    外    边    做    事    的    人   , 除    非    万    不    得    已   , 必    定    赶    回    家    来   , 吃    团    圆    饭   , 祭    祖   。 这    一    夜   , 除    了    很    小    的    孩    子   , 没    有    什    么    人    睡    觉   , 都    要    守    岁   
 初    一    的    光    景    与    除    夕    截    然    不    同   : 除    夕   , 街    上    挤    满    了    人   ; 初    一   , 铺     户    都    上    着    板    子   , 门    前    堆    着    昨    夜    燃    放    的    爆    竹    纸    皮   , 全    城    都    在    休    息   
 男    人    们    在    午    前    就    出    动   , 到    亲    戚    家   、 朋    友    家    去    拜    年   。 女    人    们    在    家    中    接    待    客    人   。 城    内    城    外    有    许    多    寺    院    开    放   , 任    人    游    览   , 小    贩    们    在    庙    外    摆    摊    儿   , 卖    茶   、 食    品    和    各    种    玩    具   。 北    城    外    的    大    钟    寺   、 西    城    外    的    白    云    观   、 南    城    的    火    神    庙    厂    甸    是    最    有    名    的   。 可    是   , 开    庙    最    初    的    两    三    天   , 并    不    十    分    热    闹   , 因    为    人    们    正    忙    着    彼    此    贺    年   , 无    暇    顾    及   。 到    了    初    五    初    六   , 庙    会    开    始    风    光    起    来   。 孩    子    们    特    别    热    心    去    逛   , 为    的    是    到    城    外    看    看    野    景   , 可    以    骑    毛    驴   , 还    能    买    到    那    些    新    年    特    有    的    玩    具   。 白    云    观    外    的    广    场    上    有    赛    轿    车    赛    马    的   , 在    老    年    间   , 据    说    还    有    赛    骆    驼    的   。 这    些    比    赛    并    不    为    争    谁    第    一    谁    第    二   , 而    是    在    观    众    面    前    表    演    骡    马    与    骑    者    的    美    好    姿    态    和    娴    熟    技    能   
 多    数    铺    户    在    初    六    开    张   , 又    放    鞭    炮   , 从    黎    明    到    清    早   , 全    城    鞭    炮    声    不    绝   。 虽    然    开    了    张   , 可    是    除    了    卖    吃    食    与    其    他    重    要    日    用    品    的    铺    子   , 大    家    并    不    很    忙   , 铺    中    的    伙    计    们    还    可    以    轮    流    去    逛    庙    会   、 逛    天    桥    和    听    戏   
 元    宵    汤    圆    上    市   , 春    节    的    又    一    个    高    潮    到    了   。 除    夕    是    热    闹    的   , 可    是    没    有    月    光   ; 元    宵    节    呢   , 恰    好    是    明    月    当    空   。 大    年    初    一    是    体    面    的   , 家    家   
 门    前    贴    着    鲜    红    的    春    联   , 人    们    穿    着    新    衣    裳   , 可    是    它    还    不    够    美   ; 元    宵    节   , 处    处    悬    灯    结    彩   , 整    条    大    街    像    是    办    喜    事   , 火    炽    而    美    丽   。 有    名    的    老    铺    都    要    挂    出    几    百    盏    灯    来   : 有    的    一    律    是    玻    璃    的   , 有    的    清    一    色    是    牛    角    的   , 有    的    都    是    纱    灯   ; 有    的    通    通    彩    绘   《 红    楼    梦   》 或   《 水    浒    传   》 故    事   , 有    的    图    案    各    式    各    样   。 这    在    当    年   , 也    就    是    一    种    广    告   。 灯    一    悬    起   , 任    何    人    都    可    以    进    到    铺    中    参    观   , 晚    间    灯    中    都    点    上    蜡    烛   , 观    者    就    更    多   。 这    广    告    可    不    庸    俗   。 干    果    店    在    灯    节    还    要    做    一    批    杂    拌    儿    生    意   , 所    以    每    每    独    出    心    裁   , 制    成    各    样    的    冰    灯   , 或    用    麦    苗    做    成    一    两    条    碧    绿    的    长    龙   , 把    顾    客    招    来   
 孩    子    们    买    各    种    花    炮    燃    放   , 即    使    不    跑    到    街    上    去    淘    气   , 在    家    中    也    照    样    能    有    声    有    光    地    玩    耍   。 家    中    也    有    灯   : 走    马    灯   、 宫    灯   、 各    形    各    色    的    纸    灯   , 还    有    纱    灯   , 里    面    有    小    铃   , 到    时    候    就    叮    叮    地    响   。 大    家    还    必    须    吃    元    宵    啊   。 这    的    确    是    美    好    快    乐    的    日    子   
 一    眨    眼   , 到    了    残    灯    末    庙   , 学    生    该    去    上    学   , 大    人    又    去    照    常    做    事   , 春    节    在    正    月    十    九    结    束    了   。 腊    月    和    正    月   , 在    农    村    正    是    大    家    最    闲    在    的    时    候   。 过    了    灯    节   , 天    气    转    暖   , 大    家    就    又    去    忙    着    干    活    儿    了   。 北    京    虽    是    城    市   , 可    是    它    也    跟    着    农    村    一    齐    过    年   , 而    且    过    得    分    外    热    闹   
 我    于    是    猛    地    想    起    今    天    是    一    个    特    别    的    日    子   。 记    忆    中    这    个    日    子    在    老    外    婆     手    里    是    从    凌    晨    三    点    开    始    的   。 凌    晨    三    点    外    婆    就    赤    着    脚    下    床   , 然    后    开    始    佝    偻     着    腰    紧    张    而    麻    利    地    忙    着   
 今    天    是    腊    月    二    十    九   。 是    围    炉    的    日    子   , 迎    新    送    旧    的    日    子   
 在    闽    南    老    家   , 这    一    天    是    大    忙    特    忙    的    日    子   。 要    擦    桌    擦    床    擦    门    洗    地    板   , 要    蒸    桌    面    那    样    大    的    白    糖    年    糕   、 红    糖    年    糕   、 咸    味    年    糕   , 要    炸    成    缸    的    炸    枣   , 做    整    盆    的    五    香    肠   , 还    要    换    上    新    浆    洗    的    窗    帘    床    单   , 铺    上    雪    白    的    台    布   。 然    后   , 要    开    始    热    气    腾    腾    地    忙    围    炉    的    年    饭   
 夜    幕    降    临    时   , 大    家    便    团    团    围    坐    在    圆    桌    前   。 外    婆    开    始    祷    告   , 舅    舅    们    开    始    祝    酒   , 小    孩    子    们    开    始    整    段    整    段    地    往    嘴    里    塞    五    香    肠   
 妈    妈    和    老    外    公    开    始    悠    悠    扬    扬    地    哼    起    乡    剧    来   
 于    是   , 除    夕    噼    里    啪    啦    大    笑    着    走    来   , 又    噼    里    啪    啦    大    笑    着    离    去   
 选    自    斯    妤    的   《 除    夕   》, 有    改    动   

Concept and Helping Material