京    剧    趣    谈   

 提    起    京    剧   , 你    的    脑    海    中    也    许    会    浮    现    出    丰    富     多    彩    的    京    剧    脸    谱   。 如    果    你    细    细    欣    赏    京    剧   , 还    会     发    现    其    中    的    许    多    奥    秘   。 默    读    课    文   , 说    说    你    对    京     剧    有    了    哪    些    了    解   。 课    后   , 有    兴    趣    的    同    学    可    以    看     看    京    剧   , 并    和    同    学    交    流   
 中    国    古    人    时    常    要    骑    马   。 可    骑    马    在    舞    台    上    没    办    法    表    现   , 舞    台    方    圆    太    小   , 马    匹    是    无    法    驰    骋    的   。 真    马    出    现    在    舞    台    上   , 演    员    也    怕    它    失    去    控    制   。 京    剧    继    承   、 发    展    了    中    国    传    统    戏    曲    的    表    现    手    段   , 终    于    战    胜    了    这    种    尴    尬   —— 用    一    根    小    小    的    马    鞭    就    彻    底    解    决    了   , 而    且    解    决    得    无    比    漂    亮   。 这    种    表    演    方    式    十    分    符    合    中    国    的    美    学   。 巨    大    的    马    匹    被    整    个    省    略   , 但    骑    马    人    那    种    特    定    和    优    美    的    姿    态    却    鲜    明    地    显    现    出    来   。 同    时    这    一    根    虚    拟    的    马    鞭   , 给    演    员    以    无    穷    无    尽    的    表    演    自    由   : 可    以    高    扬   , 可    以    低    垂   ; 可    以    跑    半    天    还    在    家    门    口   , 可    以    一    抬    手    就    走    了    一    百    里   。 马    鞭    本    身    具    备    一    种    装    饰    的    美   , 而    且    不    同    人    物    在    使    用    马    鞭    时   , 也    各    自    形    成    了    一    套    约    定    俗    成    的    方    法   
 马    鞭    是    实    在    的    道    具   , 是    可    感    觉    可    使    用    的   。 京    剧    还    有    一    些    虚    拟    的    道    具   , 但    一    样    可    感    觉    可    使    用   。 比    如   《 拾    玉    镯   》 中    小    姑    娘    纳    鞋    底   , 鞋    底    是    实    的   , 针    线    可    是    虚    的   , 但    在    演    员    手    里   , 无    远    远    胜    过    了    有   
 再    比    如    宴    席    上    的    酒    壶    酒    杯   。 主    人    一    声    吩    咐    酒    宴    摆    下   ——,
 本    文    作    者    徐    城    北   ,  选    作    课    文    时    有    改    动   
 虚    拟    的    马    鞭    以    鞭    代    马   、 以    桨    代    船    是    京    剧    表    演    艺    术    中    的    常    用    表    现    手    段   , 可    以    为    演    员    的    表    演    不    受    时    间   、 空    间    的    限    制    提    供    条    件   
 仆    人    立    刻    把    酒    壶    酒    杯    端    上    舞    台   。 主    人    和    客    人    举    杯    喝    酒   , 一    杯    又    一    杯   , 但    就    是    不    见    吃    饭    吃    菜   , 可    客    人    也    一    样    饱    了   。 京    剧    一    般    是    不    把    饭    碗    搬    上    舞    台    的   , 一    旦    真    用   , 那    就    得    狠    狠    做    戏   。 比    如   《 金    玉    如   》 中    有    一    个    细    节   , 小    生    演    员    用    饭    碗    喝    完    豆    汁   , 又    用    嘴    去    舔    筷    子   , 如    果    没    有    这    一    舔   , 那    饭    碗    也    就    完    全    不    必    拿    上    舞    台   
 京    剧    还    有    一    种    奇    特    之    处   : 双    方    正    在    对    打   , 激    烈    到    简    直    是    风    雨    不    透   , 台    下    看    的    人    非    常    紧    张   , 一    个    个    大    气    儿    不    敢    出   , 都    把    眼    睛    睁    得    大    大    的   , 唯    恐    在    一    眨    眼    间   , 谁    就    把    对    方    给    杀    了   。 然    而    也    怪   , 就    在    双    方    打    得    不    可    开    交    之    际   , 那    紧    张    而    又    整    齐    的    锣    鼓    声    忽    然    一    停   , 人    物    的    动    作    也    戛    然    而    止   —— 双    方    脸    对    着    脸   , 眼    睛    对    着    眼    睛   , 兵    器    对    着    兵    器   , 一    切    都    像    被    某    种    定    身    术    给    制    服    了   ! 小    孩    子    和    外    宾    忍    不    住    要    问   : 如    果    他    们    当    中    哪    个    先    醒    了   , 拿    起    兵    器    朝    着    对    方    一    刺   , 对    方    不    就    完    了    吗   ?
 问    得    有    理   , 但    这    恰    恰    是    京    剧    艺    术    的    高    妙    之    处   。 俗    话    说    一    动    不    如    一    静   , 古    诗    也    说    此    时    无    声    胜    有    声   , 讲    的    就    是    这    种    情    况   。 静   , 越    发    能    显    示    武    艺    的    高    强   , 越    发    能    显    示    必    胜    的    信    心   
 还    有    一    种    刀    枪    下    场   , 可    以    视    为    动    态    的    亮    相   。 双    方    正    在    交    战   , 一    方    被    打    败   , 跑    下    去    了   。 可    胜    利    一    方    不    紧    追   , 反    而    留    在    原    地   , 抡    圆    了    胳    膊    把    手    中    的    兵    器    刀    或    枪    要    了    个    风    雨    不    透   。 这   , 哪    里    还    是    戏    剧   ? 这   , 不    是    太    像    杂    技    了    吗   ? 您    说    得    太    对    了   , 这    就    是    京    剧    中    的    杂    技    成    分   , 自    古    如    此   , 如    今    还    保    留    着   。 它    的    存    在   , 就    是    为    了    突    显    人    物    的    英    雄    气    概   
 书    法    是    我    们    的    国    粹   , 散    发    着    艺    术    的    魅    力   , 受    到    人    们    的    喜    爱    和    珍    视   。 今    天   , 我    们    一    起    来    聊    聊    书    法    吧   !
 王    羲    之   《 兰    亭    集    序   》 冯    承    素    摹    本   
 可    以    课    前    先    搜    集    资    料   , 作    好    准    备   
 和    同    学    交    流    的    时    候   , 表    述    要    清    楚   。 结    合    图    片   、 实    物   , 能    让    你    的    讲    述    更    加     生    动   
 十    八    般    武    艺   ,  样    样    是    好    戏   !
 你    的    拿    手    好    戏    是    什    么   ? 写    下    来   , 和    同    学    一    起    交    流    吧   ! 写    之    前    想    一    想   :
 写    完    后    读    一    读   , 看    看    是    否    通    顺   , 重    点    部    分    是    不    是    写    具    体    了   , 再    改    一    改   
 开    国    大    典   
 我    在    课    堂    笔    记    本     上   , 记    录    了    老    师    讲    的     重    要    内    容   
 群    众    入    场   — 典    礼    开    始   — 宣    布    新    中    国    成    立   — 升    国    旗   — 宣    读    公    告   — 阅    兵    盛    况   — 群    众    游    行   
 我    会    把    听    课     过    程    中    产    生    的    想     法    记    录    下    来   
 词    句    段    运    用   
 日    常    生    活    中    使    用    的    一    些    词    语    与    戏    曲    有    关   。 读    一    读    下    面    的    词    语   , 和    同    学    交    流     它    们    的    意    思   , 再    选    一    两    个    说    句    子   
 粉    墨    登    场   
 字    正    腔    圆   
 有    板    有    眼   
 科    班    出    身   
 一    位    同    学    根    据    下    面    的    说    明    书   , 做    成    了    图    中    的    小    台    灯   。 小    台    灯    有    一    处    做    错    了   , 跟    说    明    书    写    得    不    够    清    楚    有    关    系   。 读    读    说    明    书   , 把    写    得    不    清    楚    的    地    方    画    出    来   , 再    改    一    改   
 半    个    乒    乓    球   , 一    个    瓶    盖   , 一    段    铅    丝   , 一    块    橡    皮    泥   。 做    法   :
 高    山    流    水     天    籁    之    音     余    音    绕    梁     黄    钟    大    吕     轻    歌    曼    舞     行    云    流    水     巧    夺    天    工     惟    妙    惟    肖     画    龙    点    睛     笔    走    龙    蛇     妙    笔    生    花     栩    栩    如    生   
 有    的    人    活    着   ,  他    已    经    死    了   ;  有    的    人    死    了   ,  他    还    活    着   
 鲁    迅   , 原    名    周    树    人   , 浙    江    绍    兴    人   。 主    要    作    品    有    小    说    集   《 呐    喊   》《 彷    徨   》《 故    事    新    编   》, 散    文    诗    集   《 野    草   》, 散    文    集   《 朝    花    夕    拾   》, 以    及    大    量    杂    文   。 他    是    伟    大    的    文    学    家   、 思    想    家   、 革    命    家   , 五    四    新    文    化    运    动    的    重    要    参    与    者   , 中    国    现    代    文    学    的    奠    基    人   

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